To reduce the risk of recidivism, more use should be made of actuarial risk assessment in advice to judges Discuss three arguments that support and / or reject this statement.

he two questions below need to be written out in essay form seperately:
1.To reduce the risk of recidivism, more use should be made of actuarial risk assessment in advice to judges Discuss three arguments that support and / or reject this statement.
2.How can we explain the increase in the use of risk assessment tools in the criminal justice process?

The quality of the essay is assessed on focus, content (depth, use of ideas, literature as listed below, and persuasiveness), structure and language use. There is a total maximum word count of 2000, which may be divided among the questions.
The list of mandatory literature is included for support; can refer to this in the essay to substantiate the given arguments.

Literature:
Barry-Jester, A.M., Casselman, B., &; Goldstein, D. (2015). Should prison sentences be based on crimes that haven’t been committed yet? FiveThirtyEight Politics.

Brayne, S. (2017). Big data surveillance: The case of policing. American Sociological Review, 82(5), 977- 1008.

Chan, J., & Moses, L. B. (2016). Is Big Data challenging criminology? Theoretical Criminology, 20(1), 21-39.

Feeley, M.M., &; Simon, J. (1992). The new penology: Notes on the emerging strategy of corrections and its implications. Criminology, 30(4), 449-474.

Hannah-Moffat, K. (2018). Algorithmic risk governance: Big data analytics, race and information activism in criminal justice debates. Theoretical Criminology, 23(4), 453-470.

Hardyns, W. &; Rummens, A. (2017). Predictive policing as a new tool for law enforcement? Recent developments and challenges. European Journal of Criminal Policy Research.

Kochel, T.R. (2011). Constructing hot spots policing: Unexamined consequences for disadvantaged populations and for police legitimacy. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 22(3), 350-374.

Mohler, G.O. et al. (2015). Randomized controlled field trials of predictive policing. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 110(512), 1399-1411.

Monahan, J., &; Skeem, J.L. (2016). Risk assessment in criminal sentencing. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 12, 489-513. McCulloch, J. & Pickering, S. (2009). Pre-crime and counter-terrorism. The British Journal of Criminology, 49(5), 628-645.

Silver, E., &; Miller, L.L. (2002). A cautionary note on the use of actuarial risk assessment tools for social control. Crime & Delinquency, 48, 138-161.

Van Eijk, G. (2017). Socioeconomic marginality in sentencing: The built-in bias in risk assessment tools and the reproduction of social inequality. Punishment &; Society, 19(4), 463-481.

Van Ginneken, E.F.J.C. (2020). The use of risk assessment in sentencing. In J.W. de Keijser, J.V. Roberts, & J. Ryberg (eds.), Predictive sentencing: Normative and empirical perspectives (pp. 9-32). Oxford: Hart Publishing. Zedner, L. (2007). Pre-crime and post-criminology? Theoretical Criminology, 11(2), 261-281

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