How are human factors affected when reducing the number of pilots on long-haul flights  from 4 or 3 to only 2? What are the Risks?

1/ How are human factors affected when reducing the number of pilots on long-haul flights  from 4 or 3 to only 2? What are the Risks?
Definition of human factors to be used for this work: lack of communication, lack of teamwork, lack of assertiveness, complacency, fatigue, stress, lack of knowledge, lack of resources, lack of awareness, distraction, pressure and norms.
One website to help understand the subject in the aviation industry: https://www.aeroimpulse.de/en/insights/human-factors-definition/

2/ Can we make a parallel with other industries such as train or other? and how did it affect them?

3/ What solution can we find to maintain a similar or higher level of safety on long-haul flights operated with only 2 pilots in the future?

Harvard referencing system integrated into the text much better than separate at the end of the text.

Optional: do you have an idea for a quantitative data collection on the subject

Last Completed Projects