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Dehydration and Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
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When there is a fluid imbalance in the body, a patient could become dehydrated which means their body is losing more fluid then taking in. Each year, 2.2 million people die from diarrhea because it is the most common cause of dehydration (Braun and Anderson, 2017). There are several different ways that someone can become dehydrated which includes decreased fluid intake, increased fluid output, and fluid shift between compartments (Braun and Anderson, 2017).
Dehydration goes hand and hand with sodium balance and how much is in the blood. When someone is experiencing hyponatremic dehydration, the fluid they are losing contains more sodium than the blood. While on the other hand when someone is experiencing hypernatremic dehydration, there is more sodium in the blood than what is being lost with the fluids (Braun and Anderson, 2017). Some signs and symptoms to look for include decreased level of consciousness, prolonged capillary refill time, weight loss (depending on age), sunken eye, and decreased urine output (Braun and Anderson, 2017). If someone is suspected of dehydration, fluid intake and output is measured because what you are taking in should come out. Like almost all illnesses, history should be taken to look for any underlying medical conditions, as well as laboratory analysis should be done (Braun and Anderson, 2017). For mild to moderate dehydration, oral fluids will be administered frequently and in small amounts while severe dehydration would require intravenous administration of saline solution (Braun and Anderson, 2017). No matter what level of dehydration, it is important not to rehydrate too quickly because it can cause cells to swell and rupture.
“Multiple sclerosis is a disease of the CNS neurons and is characterized by the degeneration of myelin, a process known as demyelination” (Braun and Anderson, 2017 p. 252). My aunt was 23 years old when she was diagnosed with MS, in which the average age group to develop MS is between 25 and 49 years old. There is currently no known cause of why someone develops MS, however there are some factors to consider such as “viral infections, geographic location, place of birth, sunlight exposure, and vitamin D levels” (Braun and Anderson, 2017 p. 252). MS is related to nerve conduction impulses that slow down the nerve axon.
There are different levels of MS and based on the specific nerves affected would reflect what type of MS someone is experiencing (Braun and Anderson, 2017). To diagnosis MS, health history as well as physical examination, MRI, and laboratory analysis would be done. There is no cure for MS but the symptoms can be treated as well as trying to help the disease not progress. Some pharmaceutical drugs, whether oral or injection, have been developed to either treat the symptoms, mimic the effects of myelin, increase production of circulating lymphocytes, or anti-inflammatory actions (Braun and Anderson, 2017).
Reference
Braun, C., & Anderson, C. (2017). Applied pathophysiology (3rd ed.). [CoursePoint]. https://thepoint.lww.com/Book/Show/993500#/about-this-product?groupby=learningactivity&ts=1631720455018
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